Colonialism, Imperialism & Indigeneity
Indigeneity Studies
This collection supports the study and research of the priorities and aspirations of Indigenous peoples.
Indigenous Peoples: North America
Spans three centuries (17th-19th-century), providing primary source material on the history and culture of indigenous peoples in both the United States and Canada. Tribal languages, materials from the Jacob Javitz collection at the University of Alberta, and tribal records are included.
Indigenous Peoples of North America, Part 2: The Indian Rights Association, 1882 - 1986
Provides the complete papers of the first organization to address American Indian interests and rights. The archive contains incoming and outgoing correspondence; organizational records; printed material, including early pamphlets and publications both by the Indian Rights Association and other American Indian and Indian-related organizations; Indian Rights Association annual reports; draft legislation; administrative files; news clippings; and the papers of Indian Rights Association founder Herbert Welsh. There are also numerous photographs, mainly from Western field trips, materials from the Council on Indian Affairs, and manuscripts and research notes regarding social and cultural Indian traditions. The Indian Rights Association also maintained close contacts with federal American Indian agents and with American Indians through correspondence and annual field trips to reservations and settlements.
Nineteenth Century Collections Online: Asia and the West: Diplomacy and Cultural Exchange
Key English language primary source coverage of British and American foreign policy and diplomacy, Asian political, economic, and social affairs, and key event coverage of the Philippine Insurrection, the Boxer Rebellion, and missionary activities in Asia.
Nineteenth Century Collections Online: Europe and Africa: Commerce, Christianity, Civilization, and Conquest
Europe and Africa: Commerce, Christianity, Civilization, and Conquest provides an in-depth look into the motivations, activities, and results of the European conquest of Africa during the nineteenth-century, covering two themes: 1) Exploration, military, and missionary activities, and 2) Economic and political imperialism in Africa.
World Scholar Historical Archive: Latin America
Led by an editorial board of leading scholars in the field, the archive brings together more than 1 million pages of primary source material documenting the history and culture of Latin America. Nearly 300 Spanish colonial maps never before digitized are included.
Brazilian and Portuguese History and Culture: The Oliveira Lima Collection, Part I, Pamphlets
This resource includes approximately 2,750 pamphlets, defined as monographs of fifty or fewer pages, representing more than 80,000 digitized pages of speeches, flyers, official decrees, sermons, poems, plays, concert and theatre programs, funeral orations, letters to editors, individual newspaper and magazine articles, and separata of newspaper and magazine articles. Covering a date range from 1800 to the mid twentieth century, many of these pamphlets represent the only known copy in the world.
Brazilian and Portuguese History and Culture: The Oliveira Lima Collection, Part II, Monographs
Part II: Monographs features approximately one million pages of primary sources on Brazilian history from colony to republic, as well as the political and economic dimensions of Brazil and the Portuguese empire. With primary sources from 3,800 publications dating from the mid-sixteenth century and the early days of printing and moveable type into the ?rst quarter of the twentieth century, Part II o?ers a snapshot into the culture, economics, and history of a past era, which remains of vital interest to contemporary research.
China and the Modern World: Missionary, Sinology, & Literary Periodicals, 1817-1949
A collection of 17 English language periodicals published in, or about China covering a period of over 130 years. Details the late Qing Dynasty and the Republican era, including information on public morality, intellectual life, politics, literature, and education
China and the Modern World: Records of the Maritime Customs Service of China (1854–1949)
The Chinese Maritime Customs Service (CMCS) was an international, although predominantly British-staffed bureaucracy (at senior levels) under the control of successive Chinese central governments from its founding in 1854 until January 1950. It was one of the most important institutions in China during this period, and was at the heart of trade, communications and international affairs. This collection of official correspondence, despatches, reports, memoranda, private and confidential letters provide invaluable and often unique evidence of Chinese life and politics through the Boxer Rebellion, the 1911 Revolution, the May 30 Movement, the two Sino-Japanese Wars, the Japanese Occupation, and the Nationalist period.
China and the Modern World: Diplomacy and Political Secrets
A compilation of primary sources that appeal to scholars around the world doing research on the history of British Empire in the Far East, globalization, Sino-British relations in terms of diplomacy, politics and the military from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries. Moreover, researchers of international boundaries, especially those between China, India, Sikkim, Bhutan, Burma, Afghan, Pakistan and Russia Turkestan (comprising today’s Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan), will find this collection a goldmine of rare historical information, helping them to uncover the roots of many of the border-related issues or tensions facing these countries today.
China and the Modern World: Hong Kong, Britain and China (1841-1951)
Contains many records pertaining to the relations between China, Britain, and Japan during World War II. While the focus of the collection is on Hong Kong, a high proportion of the content relates well to the history of modern China and her relations with her neighbors (e.g., Japan) and Britain, covering most of the major historical events in the history of modern China, such as the Second Opium War, The Constitutional Reform, the Revolution of 1911, the general strikes of the 1920s, and the Second Sino-Japanese War. Courses related to the history of late imperial and modern China will find this collection extremely appealing.
China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West, Part I 1815-1881
An epic collection detailing China’s opening up to the Western World. Providing access to the FO17 series held at The National Archives, Kew in the United Kingdom. This archive provides one of the largest and most significant collections of historical documents in English for the research and teaching on the history of China and East Asia (Korea and Japan), and Sino-British relations throughout the 19th century in terms of diplomacy, trade, economy, politics, military, and many other aspects.
China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West, Part II 1865-1905
The archive covers topics ranging from diplomacy to trade, economy, politics, warfare, emigration, law, and translation. The archive also includes despatches from the British consul general at Seoul in Korea for the period 1890 to 1905. China and the Modern World: Imperial China and the West Part II, 1865-1905 documents many significant historical events that are key to any student of Chinese history, such as the first Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and the Boxer Rebellion (1900).
American Indian Correspondence: Presbyterian Historical Society Collection of Missionaries' Letters, 1833-1893
The men and women of the Foreign Board of Missions served a variety of tribes. Their letters, intended to be reports from the field, are far more than dry discussions of mission business. Ranging in length from single fragments to reports of over twenty pages, they describe the Indigenous peoples and cultures, tribal factionalism, relations with the U.S. government, and the many problems and achievements of the work. The letters often become personal and even anguished, as the writers disclose their fears, worries, and hopes.
American Indian Movement and Native American Radicalism
Formed in 1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM) expanded from its roots in Minnesota and broadened its political agenda to include a searching analysis of the nature of social injustice in America. These FBI files provide detailed information on the evolution of AIM as an organization of social protest and the development of Native American radicalism.
Indian Trade (The) in the Southeastern Spanish Borderlands: Papers of Panton, Leslie and Company
Comprising the papers of the Panton, Leslie & Co., a trading firm, this collection is the most complete ethnographic collection available for the study of the Native Americans of the Southeast. More than 8,000 legal, political and diplomatic documents recording the company's operations for over half a century have been selected and organized for this collection.
Meriam Report on Indian Administration and the Survey of Conditions of the Indians in the U.S.
After 40 years of failed Native American policy, the U.S. Senate called these hearings to see what could be done to improve matters. Under the Dawes Act (or General Allotment Act) of 1887, tribal lands previously held in common by Native American nations had been split up into small parcels for individual owners. The government had said this was because it wanted to encourage self-sufficient farming, but under the Dawes Act some parcels could be sold to non-Native Americans and Native American owners could lose their land if they became too poor to pay taxes or debts. Forty years later the Secretary of the Interior ordered an investigation into the consequences of the Dawes Act, and in 1928 its160-page "Merriam Report" declared that allotment had been a disaster for Native American communities. Non-Native Americans had acquired almost half of all Indian lands in the U.S., and poverty, disease, and anger had all skyrocketed on reservations. In 1928 the Senate ordered the new hearings excerpted here, in order to figure out how to fix the situation. The hearings ultimately lasted for 15 years and filled 41 volumes of text.
War Department and Indian Affairs, 1800-1824
This collection consists of the letters received by and letters sent to the War Department, including correspondence from Native American superintendents and agents, factors of trading posts, Territorial and State governors, military commanders, Native Americans, missionaries, treaty and other commissioners, Treasury Department officials, and persons having commercial dealings with the War Department, and other public and private individuals. In addition, attachments include vouchers, receipts, requisitions, abstracts and financial statements, certificates of deposit, depositions, contracts, newspapers, copies of speeches to Native Americans, proceedings of conferences with Indians in Washington, licenses of traders, passports for travel in the Indian country, appointments, and instructions to commissioners, superintendents, agents, and other officials.
Afghanistan in 1919: The Third Anglo-Afghan War
This collection presents the complete files of the Political Warfare Executive (PWE) kept at the U.K. National Archives as FO 898 from its instigation to closure in 1946, along with the secret minutes of the special 1944 War Cabinet Committee "Breaking the German Will to Resist."
British Campaign in Mesopotamia, 1914-1918
The Mesopotamian Campaign deserves to be far better known than it is-both in terms of its impact on the war and the subsequent course of the history of the Middle East. This new collection provides the opportunity to review the telegrams, correspondence, minutes, memoranda and confidential prints gathered together in the India Office Military Department on Mesopotamia. In 1914 the British/Indian Army expedition to Mesopotamia set out with the modest ambition of protecting the oil concession in Southern Persia but, after numerous misfortunes, ended up capturing Baghdad and Northern Towns in Iraq. Initially the mission was successful in seizing Basra but the British/Indian forces found themselves drawn North, becoming besieged by Turkish forces at Kut. After various failed relief attempts the British surrendered and the prisoners suffered appalling indignities and hardship, culminating in a death march to Turkey. In 1917, a new Commander-in-Chief was appointed but, as usual in Iraq, military policy kept changing. Hopes that the Russians would come into the war were dashed by the Revolution. Operations were further frustrated by the hottest of summers. Fighting against Turkish forces continued right up to the Armistice. The conduct of the Campaign was subject to a Commission of Inquiry which was highly critical of numerous individuals and the administrative arrangements.
British Mandate in Palestine (The), Arab-Jewish Relations & the U.S.
This collection consists of correspondence and telegrams received and sent by the American consular post in Jerusalem. The topics covered by these records include the protection of interests of American citizens, foreign trade, shipping, and immigration. But there is more to these records than traditional consular activities - the Jerusalem post provides a unique look into the British Mandate in Palestine. Consular officials reported on the administration of the Mandate, Jewish immigration, terrorism, and Arab rebellion. There are unique materials on the relationship of Palestinians to other Arab countries, British policies, the Zionist movement in Palestine and abroad, Communist influence in Palestine, reports on Islamic conferences, racial and religious disturbances and riots, the "holy places question," partition of Palestine and the Arab Entente, Jewish-Arab relations and impact on Palestine, and Jewish and Arab national aspirations.
French Mandate (The) in Lebanon, Christian-Muslim Relations, and the U.S. Consulate at Beirut, 1920-1941
This collection consists of correspondence and telegrams received and sent by the American consular post in Beirut. The topics covered by these records include the protection of interests of American citizens, foreign trade, shipping, and immigration. But there is more to these records than traditional consular activities - the Beirut post provides a unique look into the French Mandate in Syria-Lebanon. Consular officials reported on the administration of the Mandate, its problems, French repression and Arab rebellion. There are unique materials on the Druse Rebellion of 1925 ,religious conflicts between Christian, Maronite, and Muslim communities, repression by French military forces, French efforts to settle Bedouin tribes in Syria, nationalist organizations and rebellion, anti-Zionism activities, riots and civil disturbances in the cities, villages and rural areas, failure of the Franco-Lebanese Treaty of 1936, creation of a new mandate administration in Syria in 1939, the war clouds in Europe, and Palestinian views on Syrian independence.
European Colonialism in the Early 20th Century: French Colonialism in Africa: From Algeria to Madagascar, 1910-1930
This collection comprises correspondence, studies and reports, cables, maps, and other kinds of documents related to U.S. consular activities. U.S. Consulates were listening posts reporting on the activities of the French colonial government and the activities of the native peoples. Highlights include the beginning of an anti-colonial movement and problems along the Moroccan-Algerian border.
European Colonialism in the Early 20th Century: German Colonies and League of Nations Mandates in Africa 1910-1929
German colonization in Africa ended with the end of the First World War. British and French Army forces seized German colonies in Africa and British naval forces occupied the German port facilities. The Treaty of Versailles legitimized and officially mandated the former German colonies to British and French colonial authorities. This collection comprises correspondence, studies and reports, cables, maps, and other kinds of documents related to U.S. consular activities. U.S. Consulates were listening posts reporting on the activities of the German colonial governments and later the mandate authorities, and the activities of the native peoples.
European Colonialism in the Early 20th Century: Italian Colonies in North Africa and Aggression in East Africa, 1930-1939
Italian colonization and policies mimicked those of other European countries during the modern period. Italian colonial policy during the period 1930-1939 was shaped more by Fascism. Fascist tenets related to governance and social policy was used in the administration and treatment of the African population in Libya, Eritrea, Somalia, and Italian East Africa. This collection comprises correspondence, studies and reports, cables, maps, and other kinds of documents related to U.S. consular activities. U.S. Consulates were listening posts reporting on the activities of the Italian colonial governments and later the mandate authorities, and the activities of the native peoples.
European Colonialism in the Early 20th Century: Political and Economic Consolidation of Portuguese Colonies in Africa, 1910-1929
This collection comprises correspondence, studies and reports, cables, maps, and other kinds of documents related to U.S. consular activities. U.S. Consulates were listening posts reporting on the activities of the Portuguese colonial government and the activities of the native peoples. Highlights include the beginning of an anti-colonial movement and the industrialization and economic exploitation of Portugal's African colonies.
Liberia and the U.S.: Nation-Building in Africa, 1918-1935
This archive serves as a companion to Liberia and the U.S.: Nation-Building in Africa, 1864-1918. It consists of correspondence and telegrams received and sent by American diplomats, as well as records of American citizens and companies with relations to Liberia. It carries the story from the end of First World War into the interwar period.
European Colonialism in the Early 20th Century: German Colonies in Asia and the Pacific: From Colonialism to Japanese Mandates, 1910-1929
German Colonial aspirations in Asia and the Pacific ended with the start of the First World War. Japanese Army forces seized German leased territories in China and the Japanese naval forces occupied the German Pacific colonies. The Treaty of Versailles legitimized Japan's aggression and the territories were officially mandated to the Japanese government. This collection comprises correspondence, studies and reports, cables, maps, and other kinds of documents related to U.S. consular activities. U.S. Consulates were listening posts reporting on the activities of the German colonial governments and later the Japanese mandate authorities, and the activities of the native peoples.
India from Crown Rule to Republic, 1945-1949: Records of the U.S. State Department
Comprising records of the State Department's Central Classified Files, this collection contains records relating to the internal affairs of India, during the period 1945-1949. The records include instructions sent to and correspondence received by the State Department; the State Department's internal documentation, as well as correspondence between the Department and other federal departments and agencies, Congress, and private individuals and organizations; telegrams, airgrams, instructions, inquiries, studies, memoranda, situation reports, translations, special reports, plans, and official and unofficial correspondence. There is essential documentation on these subjects: political parties and elections; unrest and revolution; human rights; government; administration; fiscal and monetary issues; labor; housing; police and crime; public health; national defense; foreign policymaking; alliances; religion; culture; education; trade; industry; natural resources; communications; transportation; and many more. These State Department records offer authoritative, in-depth, and timely documentation and analysis that cannot be matched.
Indian Army (The) and Colonial Warfare on the Frontiers of India, 1914-1920
For generations of British and Indian Officers and men, the North-West Frontier was the scene of repeated skirmishes and major campaigns against the trans-border Pathan tribes who inhabited the mountainous no-man's land between India and Afghanistan. This collection contains Army Lists; Orders; Instructions; Regulations; Acts; Manuals; Strength Returns; Orders of Battle; Administration Summaries; organization, commissions, committees, reports, maneuvers; departments of the Indian Army; and regimental narratives. This collection is a welcome addition to the new-flourishing literature on the military history of South Asia and the growing field of serious study of the British military experience in India.
Nicaragua: Political Instability and U.S. Intervention, 1910-1933
The United States occupation of Nicaragua was part of the larger conflict known as the Banana Wars. The formal occupation began in 1912, although several other operations were conducted before the full scale invasion. United States military interventions in Nicaragua were intended to prevent the construction of the Nicaraguan Canal by any nation but the United States. Nicaragua assumed a quasi-protectorate status under the 1916 Chamorro-Bryan Treaty. The occupation ended as Augusto César Sandino, a Nicaraguan revolutionary, led guerrilla armies against U.S. troops. The onset of the Great Depression made it costly for the U.S. government to maintain the occupation so a withdrawal was ordered in 1933. Comprising records of the State Department's Central Classified Files, this collection contains records relating to the internal affairs of India, during the period 1945-1949. The records include instructions sent to and correspondence received by the State Department; the State Department's internal documentation, as well as correspondence between the Department and other federal departments and agencies, Congress, and private individuals and organizations; telegrams, airgrams, instructions, inquiries, studies, memoranda, situation reports, translations, special reports, plans, and official and unofficial correspondence.
Revolution in Honduras and American Business: The Quintessential "Banana Republic"
Honduras is the "standard" for a "banana republic" having been O. Henry's model. This collection would detail both the political and financial machinations of the fruit companies, but also the graft and corruption of the national government, the American banking community's loans, the U.S. government's response and the various aborted popular/revolutionary uprisings. The largest single group of records relates to Honduran political affairs; pertaining chiefly to the turbulent political situation and almost continuous revolutionary activity in Honduras. Included are discussions of boundary disputes and border troubles with EL Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala and revolutionary movements originating from these neighboring countries and from Mexico; German activities in Honduras in World War I; landing of U.S. Marines to protect U.S. citizens during revolutions; cases of alleged violation of neutrality laws, and shipment of arms and munitions to Honduras from the U.S.; the participation of Sumner Welles in a conference to mediate the revolution in 1924; and presidential campaigns and elections. Another large group of records relates to financial affairs and concerns such matters as the proposed adjustment of the Honduran debt by the United States, loan negotiations and agreements between the Republic of Honduras and the J. P. Morgan Co. and other banking groups in the U.S., re-funding of the internal debt of Honduras, settlement of Honduras' foreign debt, and loans to the Government of Honduras by various fruit companies.